SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    82, 51076, 51073, 51072, 51074, 51075, 
    22711, 22710, 51077, 51080, 51078, 
    51079, 51139, 51138, 51137, 51136, 
    51135, 40, 51144, 51143, 51142, 51141, 
    51140, 39, 51205, 51204, 51203, 51202, 
    125, 17, 56, 51295, 117, 116, 106, 58, 
    57, 5, 51349, 122
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 116 
  AND storefront_id = 1

Query time 0.00065

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "28.01"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "idx_storefront_id"
      ],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "product_id",
        "destination_id",
        "storefront_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "9",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 40,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 40,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "((`test_uchur_k`.`cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount`.`storefront_id` = 1) and (`test_uchur_k`.`cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount`.`destination_id` = 116) and (`test_uchur_k`.`cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount`.`product_id` in (82,51076,51073,51072,51074,51075,22711,22710,51077,51080,51078,51079,51139,51138,51137,51136,51135,40,51144,51143,51142,51141,51140,39,51205,51204,51203,51202,125,17,56,51295,117,116,106,58,57,5,51349,122)))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "24.01",
        "eval_cost": "4.00",
        "prefix_cost": "28.01",
        "data_read_per_join": "640"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "destination_id",
        "storefront_id",
        "product_id",
        "amount"
      ]
    }
  }
}