SELECT 
  pfv.feature_id, 
  pfv.product_id, 
  pfv.variant_id, 
  gp.group_id 
FROM 
  cscart_product_features_values AS pfv 
  INNER JOIN cscart_product_variation_group_products AS gp ON pfv.product_id = gp.product_id 
  INNER JOIN cscart_product_variation_group_features AS gpf ON gpf.group_id = gp.group_id 
  AND gpf.feature_id = pfv.feature_id 
WHERE 
  pfv.lang_code = 'ru' 
  AND gp.group_id IN (
    183, 35, 186, 185, 149, 205, 136, 135, 
    123, 122, 180, 208, 224, 207, 218
  )

Query time 0.00108

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "42.86"
    },
    "nested_loop": [
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "gp",
          "access_type": "range",
          "possible_keys": [
            "PRIMARY",
            "idx_group_id"
          ],
          "key": "idx_group_id",
          "used_key_parts": [
            "group_id"
          ],
          "key_length": "3",
          "rows_examined_per_scan": 34,
          "rows_produced_per_join": 34,
          "filtered": "100.00",
          "index_condition": "(`test_uchur_k`.`gp`.`group_id` in (183,35,186,185,149,205,136,135,123,122,180,208,224,207,218))",
          "cost_info": {
            "read_cost": "15.66",
            "eval_cost": "3.40",
            "prefix_cost": "19.06",
            "data_read_per_join": "544"
          },
          "used_columns": [
            "product_id",
            "group_id"
          ]
        }
      },
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "gpf",
          "access_type": "ref",
          "possible_keys": [
            "PRIMARY",
            "idx_group_id"
          ],
          "key": "idx_group_id",
          "used_key_parts": [
            "group_id"
          ],
          "key_length": "3",
          "ref": [
            "test_uchur_k.gp.group_id"
          ],
          "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
          "rows_produced_per_join": 34,
          "filtered": "100.00",
          "cost_info": {
            "read_cost": "8.50",
            "eval_cost": "3.40",
            "prefix_cost": "30.96",
            "data_read_per_join": "3K"
          },
          "used_columns": [
            "feature_id",
            "group_id"
          ]
        }
      },
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "pfv",
          "access_type": "ref",
          "possible_keys": [
            "PRIMARY",
            "fl",
            "lang_code",
            "product_id",
            "fpl",
            "idx_product_feature_variant_id"
          ],
          "key": "fpl",
          "used_key_parts": [
            "feature_id",
            "product_id",
            "lang_code"
          ],
          "key_length": "12",
          "ref": [
            "test_uchur_k.gpf.feature_id",
            "test_uchur_k.gp.product_id",
            "const"
          ],
          "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
          "rows_produced_per_join": 34,
          "filtered": "100.00",
          "cost_info": {
            "read_cost": "8.50",
            "eval_cost": "3.40",
            "prefix_cost": "42.86",
            "data_read_per_join": "26K"
          },
          "used_columns": [
            "feature_id",
            "product_id",
            "variant_id",
            "lang_code"
          ]
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}