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SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    121, 119, 141, 23, 4, 142, 120, 62, 108, 
    107, 94, 8, 86, 54, 10, 93, 12, 32, 7, 130, 
    35, 16, 33, 110, 34, 89, 147, 114, 36, 
    128, 20, 52
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 116 
  AND storefront_id = 1

Query time 0.00052

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "22.41"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "idx_storefront_id"
      ],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "product_id",
        "destination_id",
        "storefront_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "9",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 32,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 32,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "((`test_uchur_k`.`cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount`.`storefront_id` = 1) and (`test_uchur_k`.`cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount`.`destination_id` = 116) and (`test_uchur_k`.`cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount`.`product_id` in (121,119,141,23,4,142,120,62,108,107,94,8,86,54,10,93,12,32,7,130,35,16,33,110,34,89,147,114,36,128,20,52)))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "19.21",
        "eval_cost": "3.20",
        "prefix_cost": "22.41",
        "data_read_per_join": "512"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "destination_id",
        "storefront_id",
        "product_id",
        "amount"
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id	amount
4	15
7	2
8	3
10	38
12	3
16	23
20	2
23	19
32	1
33	2
34	3
35	3
36	3
52	2
54	3
62	20
86	27
89	8
93	1
94	1
107	17
108	10
110	3
114	25
119	27
120	25
121	22
128	3
130	2
141	11
142	12
147	2

product_id	amount
4	15
7	2
8	3
10	38
12	3
16	23
20	2
23	19
32	1
33	2
34	3
35	3
36	3
52	2
54	3
62	20
86	27
89	8
93	1
94	1
107	17
108	10
110	3
114	25
119	27
120	25
121	22
128	3
130	2
141	11
142	12
147	2

product_id	amount
4	15
7	2
8	3
10	38
12	3
16	23
20	2
23	19
32	1
33	2
34	3
35	3
36	3
52	2
54	3
62	20
86	27
89	8
93	1
94	1
107	17
108	10
110	3
114	25
119	27
120	25
121	22
128	3
130	2
141	11
142	12
147	2

product_id	amount
4	15
7	2
8	3
10	38
12	3
16	23
20	2
23	19
32	1
33	2
34	3
35	3
36	3
52	2
54	3
62	20
86	27
89	8
93	1
94	1
107	17
108	10
110	3
114	25
119	27
120	25
121	22
128	3
130	2
141	11
142	12
147	2