SELECT 
  product_id, 
  group_id 
FROM 
  cscart_product_variation_group_products 
WHERE 
  group_id IN (
    156, 161, 165, 129, 158, 182, 160, 162, 
    159, 244, 215, 164, 157, 130, 145, 141
  )

Query time 0.00092

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "43.16"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_product_variation_group_products",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "idx_group_id"
      ],
      "key": "idx_group_id",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "group_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 87,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 87,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "(`test_uchur_k`.`cscart_product_variation_group_products`.`group_id` in (156,161,165,129,158,182,160,162,159,244,215,164,157,130,145,141))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "34.46",
        "eval_cost": "8.70",
        "prefix_cost": "43.16",
        "data_read_per_join": "1K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "product_id",
        "group_id"
      ]
    }
  }
}