SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    51272, 51271, 51270, 51269, 51268, 51267, 
    51266, 145, 14, 113, 6, 51354, 51353, 
    43, 51356, 51355, 44
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 116 
  AND storefront_id = 1

Query time 0.00056

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "11.91"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "idx_storefront_id"
      ],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "product_id",
        "destination_id",
        "storefront_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "9",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 17,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 17,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "((`test_uchur_k`.`cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount`.`storefront_id` = 1) and (`test_uchur_k`.`cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount`.`destination_id` = 116) and (`test_uchur_k`.`cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount`.`product_id` in (51272,51271,51270,51269,51268,51267,51266,145,14,113,6,51354,51353,43,51356,51355,44)))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "10.21",
        "eval_cost": "1.70",
        "prefix_cost": "11.91",
        "data_read_per_join": "272"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "destination_id",
        "storefront_id",
        "product_id",
        "amount"
      ]
    }
  }
}