SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    10, 9, 59, 60, 14, 13, 16, 63, 113, 51346, 
    118, 114, 6, 61, 51350, 123, 15
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 116 
  AND storefront_id = 1

Query time 0.00043

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "11.91"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "idx_storefront_id"
      ],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "product_id",
        "destination_id",
        "storefront_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "9",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 17,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 17,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "((`test_uchur_k`.`cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount`.`storefront_id` = 1) and (`test_uchur_k`.`cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount`.`destination_id` = 116) and (`test_uchur_k`.`cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount`.`product_id` in (10,9,59,60,14,13,16,63,113,51346,118,114,6,61,51350,123,15)))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "10.21",
        "eval_cost": "1.70",
        "prefix_cost": "11.91",
        "data_read_per_join": "272"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "destination_id",
        "storefront_id",
        "product_id",
        "amount"
      ]
    }
  }
}