SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    51358, 115, 37, 11, 140, 41, 30, 90, 38, 
    124, 81, 56, 135, 82, 116, 117, 125, 106, 
    39, 193, 65, 40, 22710, 22711, 17, 57, 
    122, 58, 5, 22, 18, 27
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 116 
  AND storefront_id = 1

Query time 0.00049

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "22.41"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "idx_storefront_id"
      ],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "product_id",
        "destination_id",
        "storefront_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "9",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 32,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 32,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "((`test_uchur_k`.`cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount`.`storefront_id` = 1) and (`test_uchur_k`.`cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount`.`destination_id` = 116) and (`test_uchur_k`.`cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount`.`product_id` in (51358,115,37,11,140,41,30,90,38,124,81,56,135,82,116,117,125,106,39,193,65,40,22710,22711,17,57,122,58,5,22,18,27)))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "19.21",
        "eval_cost": "3.20",
        "prefix_cost": "22.41",
        "data_read_per_join": "512"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "destination_id",
        "storefront_id",
        "product_id",
        "amount"
      ]
    }
  }
}